Transparency regarding potential conflicts of interest is paramount to preserving scientific credibility. A competing interest exists when professional judgment concerning primary scholarly findings may be influenced (or perceived to be influenced) by secondary financial or personal affiliations.
Commercial sponsorships, consultancies, employment, patent holdings, stock equity, or advisory fees within the preceding 36 months related to the study.
Close personal or family ties, academic rivalries, direct supervisory relationships, or active involvement in advocacy organizations tied to the research.
Reviewers and editors must recuse themselves from evaluating manuscripts whenever a conflict of interest exists: