Published scholarly literature represents a permanent public record. Amendments to published works are executed transparently according to COPE Retraction Guidelines and ICMJE standards.
Issued when authors identify minor inadvertent mathematical or typographic errors that do not affect the main conclusions.
Issued when typesetting, printing, or digital metadata errors are inadvertently introduced by the publisher.
The Editor-in-Chief may issue an official Expression of Concern when well-founded doubts regarding research integrity arise while an institutional investigation remains pending or inconclusive.
A published article will be formally retracted if conclusive evidence confirms severe honest error, plagiarism, data fabrication, or ethical malpractice.